A study published online September 21 2017 in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology has shown an association between exposure to fine particulate PM 2.5 air pollution and the risk of chronic kidney disease CKD . A 10 g m3 increase in PM2.5 levels was found to be associated with increased risk of eGFR 60 ml min per 1.73 m2 CKD eGFR decline 8805 30 and end stage renal disease ESRD .